Download from any Website. Download Ultra High Definition. Get entire Playlists and Channels. Convert to MP3 or any format. What is VDownloader? Why download online videos? Great when traveling! There are over 1, certificate designs , including formal templates, school certificates, sports themed choices, cute awards, holiday borders and more.
Choose a category below and then click on any template preview to get started. Fully customize the text, layout, add a logo or picture to the template and print for free. Reward somebody today! Formal awards for various occasions. These are great for encouraging reading! There are cute awards, star awards and more formal looking awards. When many scientists work together, determining authorship isn't always easy. Here are some tips for settling the line-up. When there are disputes, first try to talk it out amicably and understand the other person's point of view.
For example, try to work out how the idea first came about. If you must approach your supervisor about an authorship decision that you don't like, keep the tone inquisitive, not accusatory. Explain that you want to understand how authorship was decided.
If a contributor's authorship is in question, it can help to consider what the paper would have looked like without their efforts, and whether someone else could have made the same contribution. Familiarize yourself with your institution's or journal's authorship guidelines, or those of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Use them to back up your case. If you can't agree among yourselves, engage a supervisor, trusted colleagues or an ombudsman to investigate the matter and make a recommendation.
Authorship can be misused when there is money to be made. Medical journals contain a mixture of original scientific findings and veiled advertisements for drugs, and scientists and physicians must read papers critically to understand a medicine's true merits, says Alastair Matheson, a biomedical-research consultant in Toronto, Canada. Some pharmaceutical companies make drugs and run clinical trials, then engage medical writers to draft manuscripts.
These contributors are often ghostwriters not listed as authors on the paper. Instead, the company's marketing team finds a big academic name to headline the project — even if this guest author makes no contribution to the paper apart from scanning the final version. Companies sometimes use the same technique to produce reviews promoting their latest medicines, says Joseph Ross, a physician who studies health policy at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
The companies get to advertise their products; the ghostwriters receive a pay cheque; and the academics get another line on their CVs. But the patients and the integrity of science all lose out, says Matheson.
For example, Merck, a pharmaceutical company based in Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, minimized reporting of the risks observed for its painkiller Vioxx rofecoxib until the drug was taken off the market in Ross was a consultant to people who had taken Vioxx and developed heart problems, or their families, in two court cases against Merck, and he saw some of the company's internal documents 6.
That is where a medical writer or communications company may be acknowledged. Funding from a drug-maker is another tell-tale sign. Author disclosures are less helpful, he adds, because academic authors may list several affiliations and it is difficult to tell which commercial relationship is relevant.
With commerce and medicine intimately intertwined, it would be impractical for academics to cut ties with companies, says Matheson. First, he says, be more than a guest: make sure that your contribution is author-level. Second, insist that company employees involved in the study are also listed as authors. Matheson says it is the responsibility of journals to make participation by drug-makers more apparent. He would like to see papers marked right at the top with 'commercial article'.
He also suggests that journals use labels to indicate who funded the study, and what drug it supports. Martinson, B. Nature , — Maris, E. Wislar, J. Article Google Scholar. Ross, J. Download references. Amber Dance is a freelance science writer in Los Angeles, California.
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